“Which women? What agenda?” Situating WPS in North Africa: the case of Tunisia

Abstract

Ashley, RK. (1987). The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics. Alternatives, 12(4), 403-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437548701200401

ATFD, (2019). Révolution et transition démocratique: L’ATFD au cœur des luttes pour l’égalité et la démocratie de 2008-2011 à 2015. Kvinna Kvinna.

Basu, S. (2016). The Global South Writes 1325 (Too). International Political Science Review, 37(3), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116642616

Bessis, S. (1999). Le féminisme institutionnel en Tunisie. Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 1(9), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4000/clio.286

Borrillo, S. (2022). “After the Covid, inshallah”: Investigating lags, challenges and opportunities of the WPS Agenda implementation in Morocco. Interdisciplinary Political Studies, 8(1),143-168

Brésillon, T. (2018). Tunisie. L’égalité devant l’héritage contestée. Orient XXI, 4 September.

Cassarino, J.P. (2012). Reversing the Hierarchy of Priorities in EU-Mediterranean Relations. In J. Peters (Ed.) The European Union and the Arab Spring: Promoting Democracy and Human Rights in the Middle East (pp. 1–16). Lexington Books.

Christie, R. (2010). Critical Voices and Human Security: To Endure, To Engage or To Critique? Security Dialogue, 41(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010610361891

Cittadini, S. & della Valle, C. (2022). Women’s movements perspective on the WPS Agenda in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Assessing “human security” and peacebuilding. Interdisciplinary Political Studies, 8(1), 41-55

Code Penal de la Republique Tunisienne 1913. (TUN).

Code du Statut Personnel Tunisien 1956. (TUN). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/73374/74946/F-1287339442/TUN-73374.pdf

Cohn, C. (2017). Beyond the Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Why We Need a Feminist Roadmap for Sustainable Peace. Background Paper, Feminist Roadmap for Sustainable Peace Project. (pp. 1–17). Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights.

Constitution de la Republique Tunisienne 2014. (TUN).

Coomaraswamy, R. & Kenney, E. (2019). Global Study: Looking Forward. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 740–747). Oxford University Press.

Cox, R.W. (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium, 10(2), 126–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298810100020501

CREDIF, UN Women, & Republic of Finland. (2017a). Cartographie des Organisation de la Société Civile Tunisienne dans le domaine ‘Femmes, Paix et Sécurité.

CREDIF, UN Women, & Republic of Finland. (2017b). Etat des lieux de la mise en oeuvre de la Résolution 1325 en Tunisie.

Davies, S.E. & True, J. (2019). WPS: a Transformative Agenda. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 3–15). Oxford University Press.

Davis, L. & Stern, J. (2019). WPS and LGBTI Rights. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 657–669). Oxford University Press.

Daniele, G. (2014). Tunisian Women’s Activism after the January 14 Revolution: Looking within and towards the Other Side of the Mediterranean. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 15(2), 16–32.

De Jonge Oudrat, C. (2019). The WPS and the Strategy for the Twenty-First Century. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 840–846). Oxford University Press.

Décret Présidentiel n° 2021-117 du 22 septembre 2021, relatif aux mesures exceptionnelles 2021. (TUN).

Debuysere, L. (2015). Tunisian Women at the Crossroads: Antagonism and Agonism between Secular and Islamist Women’s Rights Movements in Tunisia. Mediterranean Politics, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1092292

Del Pistoia, D. (2017). Nuove espressioni e sperimentazioni femministe attraverso le radio comunitarie nelle zone periferiche della Tunisia. Draft paper presented at the VII Congresso della Società Italiana delle Storiche Genere e Storia: Nuove Prospettive di Ricerca, 2-4 February 2017, Pisa (Italy).

Della Porta, D. (2015). Social Movements in Times of Austerity: Bringing Capitalism Back into Protest Analysis. Malden: Polity Press.

della Valle, C. (2019). An interdisciplinary bottom-up study of EU gender policies in Tunisia: Towards an agency-based approach. PhD Thesis, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna (Pisa, Italy).

della Valle, C. & Giusti, S. (2021). Disruptions in the ENP Cycle: EU Gender Policies in Tunisia from a “Decentring Perspective’’. European Foreign Affairs Review, 26(3), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021034

della Valle, C. & Piras, E. (2022). Introduction to the Special Issue 'The Women, Peace and Security Agenda: time to gild the cracks?’, Interdisciplinary Political Studies, 8(1), 5-13

Elshtain, J.B. (1987). Women and War. University of Chicago Press.

Fellin, I. (2018). The Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Challenges and Opportunities for the OSCE Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation. IAI Working Paper, 18(22), 1-39.

FIDH. (2021). Tunisie: Accaparement du pouvoir par la présidence : une dérive sans précédent’, 27 September. .

Fontana, I. (2015). How Great Expectations in Brussels are dashed in Tunis? A Bottom-up approach to the Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Tunisia. Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.1-1-5

Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. (2021). Women, Peace and Security Index 2021/2022,

Gopinath, M. & Machanda, R. (2019). Women’s Peacemaking in South Asia. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 803–815). Oxford University Press.

Grami, A. (2018). Women, Feminist and Politics in Post-revolution Tunisia: Framings, Accountability and Agency on Shifting Grounds. Feminist Dissent, 3, 25–56. https://doi.org/10.31273/fd.n3.2018.292

Haastrup, T. (2019). WPS and the African Union. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 375–388). Oxford University Press.

Hoffman, S. (1977). An American Social Science: International Relations. Daedalus, 106(3), 41–60.

Holsti, K.J. (1985). The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. Allen & Unwin.

Huber, D. & Paciello, M.C. (2016). MEDRESET: A Comprehensive, Integrated, and Bottom-Up Approach. IAI Methodology and Concept Papers, 1, 1–22.

Huber, D., Kerrou, M., Nouira, A., & Paciello, M. C. (2017). The EU’s Democracy, Human Rights and Resilience Discourse
and Its Contestation. IAI Methodology and Concept Papers, 4, 1–31.

Human Rights Watch (2018). World Report.

Jansson, M. & Eduards, M. (2016). The politics of gender in the UN Security Council resolutions on women, peace and security. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 18(4), 590–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2016.1189669

Jebali, A. (2022). Intervention at the international seminar ‘The future of women in peace and security: perspectives from the North and the South of the Mediterranean’, 19 May, University of Bologna (Forlì Campus, Italy).

Kaldor, M. (2006). Human Security: A Relevant Concept? Politique étrangère, 2006/4 (Winter Issue), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.3917/pe.064.0901

Kirby, P. & Shepherd, L.J. (2016). Reintroducing women, peace and security. International Affairs, 92(2), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12550

Kirby, P. & Shepherd, L.J. (2020). Women, Peace, and Security: Mapping the (Re)Production of a Policy Ecosystem. Journal of Global Security Studies, 1(25), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaa045

Loi organique n° 2017-58 du 11 août 2017, relative à l’élimination de la violence à l’égard de femmes 2017. (TUN).

Maiky, C. (2022). Presentation of the ‘Evaluation de la mise en oeuvre du PAN 1325, Plans Sectoriels et Master Plan en Tunisie’, April, Tunis (Tunisia).

Meger, S. (2019). Gender, violence, and the Women, Peace and Security agenda. In Shepherd, L.J. (Ed.), Handbook on Gender and Violence (pp. 279–294). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Naamani, A. (2020). Changes and opportunities to advance the WPS Agenda after Lebanon protests movement.

Naraghi-Anderlini, S. (2019). Civil Society’s Leadership in Adopting 1325 Resolution. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 38–53). Oxford University Press.

― (2020a). Women, Peace and Security in the time of corona. LSE blog, 25 March. .

― (2020b). Key-note speech for the second panel of the international conference ‘Celebrating 20 years of UNSCR 1325: Past, present and future of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda’, 4 November, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna (Pisa, Italy) and online on WebEx.

Ní Aoláin, F.D. & Valji, N. (2019). Scholarly Debates and Contested meanings of WPS. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 53–67). Oxford University Press.

Oxfam & UN Women. (2018). Penser le genre dans les reéponses à l’extrémisme violent en Tunisie: enjeux conceptuels, état des lieux, pistes d’action.

Parashar, S. (2019). The WPS Agenda: a Post-colonial Critique. In S.E. Davies & J. True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security (pp. 830–839). Oxford University Press.

Pearson, E. (2020). Between Protection and Participation: Affect, Countering Violent Extremism and the Possibility for Agency. In S. Basu, P. Kirby & L.J. Shepherd (Eds.), New directions in women, peace and security (pp. 91–110). Bristol University Press.

Pepicelli, R. (2018). Decolonizzare il femminismo: i movimenti delle donne in Nord Africa. In F.M.M. Corrao & L. Violante (Eds.), L’Islam non è terrorismo (pp. 77–90). Il Mulino.

Pratt, N. & Richter-Devroe, S. (2011). Critically Examining UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 13(4), 489–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2011.611658

Queirolo Palmas, L. & Stagi, L. (2017). Dopo la rivoluzione. Paesaggi giovanili e sguardi di genere sulla Tunisia contemporanea. Ombre corte.

Republic of Tunisia. (2015). Projet de la Note d’Orientation du Plan Stratégique de Développement 2016-2020.

– (2018). Plan d’action national 2018-2020 pour la mise en oeuvre de la Résolution 1325 du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies “Femmes, Paix, Sécurité”.

Shepherd, L.J. (2020). Situating Women, Peace and Security: theorizing from “the local”. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(5), 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2020.1796262

Simoncini, G. (2020). International PVE and Tunisia: a local critique of international donors’ discourses. In A. Martini, K. Ford & R. Jackson (Eds.), Encountering extremism: Theoretical issues and local challenges. Manchester University Press.

Swaine, A. (2020). National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security: Critical Tools in COVID-19 Responses in the Arab States Region. UN Women.

UN (2000). Women, Peace and Security, Resolution 1325, S/RES/1325, .

― (2015a). Report of the Advisory Group of Expert for the 2015 Review of the UN Peacebuilding Architecture: The Challenge of Sustaining Peace, A/69/968-S/2015/490. .

― (2015b). Global Study on the Implementation of UNSCR 1325.

― (2016a). Security Council Resolution 2282(2016).

― (2016b). General Assembly Resolution 70/262(2016). .

UN Women. (2020). Les ONG tunisiennes se mobilisent contre la violence faite aux femmes, 25 November.

― (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on violence against women and girls and service provision: UN Women rapid assessment and findings.

UN Women & Tunisian Ministry of Women (2018). Programme Femmes, Paix et Sécurité, 1ère phase de mise en œuvre de la RCS1325.

Weilandt, R. (2019). Divisions within post-2011 Tunisia’s secular civil society. Democratization, 26(6), 959–974. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1576034

― (2022). Acceptance in principle, contestation in practice: EU norms and their discontents in Tunisia. Democratization, 29(3), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1888930

WILPF. (2019). Stories of Feminist Peace. < https://www.wilpf.org/portfolio-items/stories-of-feminist-peace-2019/>

Wolff, S. (2021). Gender equality in Tunisia: The EU’s tripartite dialogue. Mediterranean Politics, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2021.1883285

World Economic Forum. (2021). Global Gender Gap Report.

List of Interviews

Interview 1. UNDP, local official, 24 April 2020, remotely.

Interview 2. Embassy of Finland to Tunisia, local official, 22 May 2020, remotely.

Interview 3. Local Association (Tunis), representative, 24 June 2020, remotely.

Interview 4. ESCWA, local official, 26 June 2020, remotely.

Interview 5. UN Women, local official 1, 3 July 2020, remotely.

Interview 6. Oxfam Novib, local official, 6 July 2020, remotely.

Interview 7. Gender expert and advisor, 6 July 2020, remotely; 26 October 2021, remotely.

Interview 8. Ministry of Agriculture, member of the Technical Committee, 30 July 2020, remotely.

Interview 9. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, member of the Steering Committee, 24 August 2020, remotely.

Interview 10. Ministry of Public Health, member of the Technical Committee, 26 August 2020, remotely.

Interview 11. Local Association (Tunis), member of the Technical Committee, 26 August 2020, remotely; 28 October 2021, remotely; 19 May 2022, in presence.

Interview 12. Ministry of Women, Family and Children, member of the Steering Committee, 26 August 2020, remotely.

Interview 13. UN Women, local official 2, 27 August 2020, remotely.

Interview 14. Local Association (Zarzis), member of the Technical Committee, 29 August 2020, remotely.

Interview 15. Local Association (Jendouba), member of the Technical Committee, 3 September 2020, remotely.

Interview 16. Local Association (Medenine), member of the Technical Committee, 8 September 2020, remotely.

Interview 17. Assembly of People’s Representatives, parliamentarian, 9 September 2020, remotely.

Interview 18. CAWTAR, member of the Technical Committee, 9 September 2020, remotely.

Interview 19. African Women’s Forum, regional representative, 15 September 2020, remotely.