Merging the female into the male, in the language of Virginia Woolf and James Joyce. The case of The Waves and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man


Abstract


This article explores the suggestion made by some scholars and researchers according to whom it is more appropriate to speak of gender-preferential rather than of gender exclusive features in the use women and men make of language, since members of both sexes are endowed with the same neuro-cognitive apparatus to acquire it. By comparing passages from two modernist novels, Virginia Woolf’s The Waves and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the article discusses whether and how features usually associated with female authors may merge with those preferentially associated with male ones.


DOI Code: 10.1285/i22390359v28p211

Keywords: acquisition; gender; Modernism; semiotic language; Linguistics

References


Attridge D. 2000, Joyce effects on Language, Theory and History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Attridge D. 2003, Language, Sexuality and the Remainder in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, in Milesi L. (ed.), James Joyce and the

Difference of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.128-141.

Baxter L.C., Saykin A.J., Flashman, L.A., Johnson S.C., Guerin S.J.,

Babcock D.R. and Wisharta H.A. 2003, Sex differences in semantic language processing: A functional MRI study, in “Brain and Language” 84, pp. 264-272.

Borer H. 2005, Structuring sense II: The normal course of events, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York.

Brivic S. 2002, Gender Dissonance, Hysteria, and History in James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, in “James Joyce Quarterly” 39 [3], pp.457-476.

Bucholtz M. 1996, Black feminist theory and African American women’s linguistic practice, in Bergvall V.L., Bing J.M. and Freed A.F. (eds.), Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice, Longman, London, pp. 267-90.

Bucholtz M. 1999, Bad examples: Transgression and progress in language and gender studies, in Bucholtz M., Liang A.C. and Sutton L.A. (eds.), Reinventing Identities: The Gendered Self in Discourse, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3-24.

Burman D.D., Bitan T. and Booth J.R. 2008, Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children, in “Neuropsychologia” 46 [5], pp. 1349-1362.

Cameron D. 1998, Gender, language and discourse: a review essay, in “Signs”23 [4], pp. 945-973.

Cameron D. 2007, The myth of Mars and Venus, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cixous H. 1980, Sorties, in Marks E. and de Courtivron I. (eds.), New French Feminisms An Anthology, The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA, pp.90-98.

Clements A.M., Rimrodt S.L., Abel J.R., Blankner J.R., Mostofsky S.H., Pekar J.J., Denckla M.B. and Cutting L.E. 2006, Sex differences in cerebral laterality of language and visuo-spatial processing, in “Brain and Language“ 98 [2], pp. 150-158.

Coates J. 1986, Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language, Longman, London.

Crystal D. 1987, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Deane S. 1992, Introduction, in Joyce J., A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp. vii-xliii.

Eckert P. 1997, The whole women: sex and gender differences in variation, in Coupland N. and Jaworski A. (eds.), Sociolinguistics: a reader, Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 212-220.

Fishman P.M. 1983, Interaction: the work woman do, in Thorne N., Kramarae C. and Henley N. (eds.), Language, Gender and Society, Newbury house, Rowley, pp. 89-101.

French M. 1982, Joyce and Language, in “James Joyce Quarterly” 19 [3], pp. 239-255

Godwin M.H. 1980, Directive-response speech sequences in girls’ and boys’ task activities, in McConnel-Ginet S., Borker R. and Furman N. (eds.), Women and Language in Literature and Society, New York: Praeger Publishers, pp. 157-173.

Harrington G.S. and Farias S.T. 2008, Sex differences in language processing: functional MRI methodological considerations, “JMRI” 27 [6], pp. 1221-1228.

Hartman M. 1979, A descriptive study of the language of men and women born in Maine around 1900 as it reflects the Lakoff hypotheses in language and woman’s place, in Dubois B.L. (ed.), The sociology of the languages of American women, Trinity University Press, San Antonio TX, pp. 81-89.

Hild A. 1994, Community/Communication in Woolf’s ‘The Waves’: The Language of Motion’, in “The Journal of Narrative Technique” 24[1], pp. 69-79.

Holmes J. and Meyerhoff M. 2003 (eds.), The Handbook of Language and Gender, Blackwell, Oxford.

Jespersen O. 1922, The Woman, in Jespersen O. (ed.), Language, its nature, development and origin, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, pp. 237-254.

Joyce J. 1992, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Kitsi-Mitakou K. 1997, Feminist reading of the body in Virginia Woolf’s novels, UTP, Thessaloniki.

Kristeva J. 1986a, A Question of subjectivity - an interview, in “Women’s Review” 12, pp. 19-21.

Kristeva J. 1986b, The Kristeva Reader; ed. by Moi T., Oxford, Blackwell.

Kristeva J. 1988, Joyce the ‘Gracehoper’ or the return of ‘Orpheus’, in Benstock B. (ed.), James Joyce—The Augmented Ninth: Proceedings of the Ninth International James Joyce Symposium, Frankfurt 1984, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, pp. 167-180.

Lacan J. 1953, Some reflections on the ego, in “International Journal of psychoanalysis”, 34, pp. 11-17.

Labov W. 1966, The social stratification of English in New York City, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC.

Lakoff R.T. 1975, Language and woman’s place: text and commentaries; ed. by Bucholtz M., Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Lawrence K.R. 2012,Who’s Afraid of James Joyce?, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL.

Maltz D. and Borker R. 1982, A cultural approach to male - female miscommunication., in Gumperz J.J. (ed.), Language and social identity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 196-206.

Marcus J. 1987, Virginia Woolf and the language of Patriarchy, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

McConnell-Ginet S. 1980, Linguistics and the feminist challenge, in McConnell-Ginet S., Borker R. and Furman N. (eds.), Women and language in literature and society, Praeger, New York, pp. 3-25.

McConnell-Ginet S. 1986, Language and Gender, in Newmayer F.J. (ed.), Linguistics: the Cambridge survey, Cambridge University Press., Cambridge, pp. 75-99.

Miko S. 1988, Reflections on the Waves: Virginia Woolf at the limits of her Arts, in “Criticism” 30, pp. 63-90.

Milesi L. 2003, Introduction: language with a difference, in Milesi L. (ed.), James Joyce and the Difference of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-27.

Mulac A., Studley L.B. and Sheridan B. 1990, The gender-linked effect in primary and secondary students impromptu essays, in “Sex Roles” 23, pp. 439-469.

Mulac A. and Lundell-Torborg L. 1994, Effects of gender-linked language differences in adults written discourse: Multivariate Tests of Language Effects, in “Language and Communication” 14, pp. 299-309.

Mulac A., Seibold D.R. and Farris J.L. 2000, Female and male managers and professionals criticism giving: Differences in language use and effects, in “Journal of Language & Social Psychology”19 [4], pp. 389-415.

Mulac A., Howard G., Bradac J. and Palomares N.A. 2013, The gender-linked language effect: an empirical test of a general process model, in “Language Sciences” 38, pp. 22-31.

Newman M.L., Groom C.J., Handelman L.D. and Pennebaker J.W. 2008, Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples, in “Discourse Processes” 45, pp. 211-236.

Philips S.U., Steele S. and Tanz C.1987, Language, gender, and sex in comparative perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Poole M.E. 1979, Social class, sex, and linguistic coding, in “Language and Speech” 22, pp. 49-67.

Poole S.C. 1999, An introduction to linguistics, St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Pykett L. 1995, Engendering Fictions, Edward Arnold, London

Rayson P., Leech G. and Hodges M. 1997, Social differentiation in the use of English vocabulary: some analyses of the conversational component of the British National Corpus, in “International Journal of Corpus Linguistics” 2[1], pp. 133-152.

Römer U. 2006, This seems counterintuitive though..., in Tognini-Bonelli E. and Del Lungo-Camiciotti G. (eds.), Strategies in Academic Discourse, Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 97-115.

Rühlemann C. 2010, Conversational Grammar–Female Grammar? A Socio-pragmatic Corpus Study, in “Journal of English Linguistics” 38 [1], pp. 56-87.

Showalter E. 1981, Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness, in “Critical Inquiry” 8 [2], pp. 179-205.

Speer S. 2005, Gender talk: feminism, discourse and conversation Analysis, London, Routledge.

Spender D. 1980, Man made language, London, Routledge.

Sukanya S. 2012, James Joyce’s Experiments with Language – A Study, in “IRWLE” 8 [11], pp. 1-6.

Sunderland J. 2006, Language and Gender, London, Routledge.

Taylor C. 2006, Kristevan Themes in Virginia Woolf’s ‘The Wave, in “Journal of Modern Literature” 29 [3], pp. 57-77.

Tannen D. 1986, That’s not what I meant!: how conversational styles makes or breaks your relations with others, Morrow, New York.

Tannen D. 1990, You just don’t understand: women and men in conversation, Harper Collins, New York.

Vendler Z. 1957, Verbs and Times, in “The Philosophical Review” 66 [2], pp. 143-160.

Wawrzycka J.W. and Corcoran M. (eds.) 1997, Gender in Joyce, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Woolf V. 1992, The Waves; ed. by Beer G., Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Xiufang X. 2013, Gender differences in using language, in “Theory and Practice in Language Studies” 3 [8], pp. 1485-1489.


Full Text: pdf

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.