Global hegemonies, power, and identities: The Liberal International Order, the international community and international terrorism
Abstract
The present article argues that the Liberal International Order is structured around specific dynamics of power that constitute and shape the whole international community. In this sense, the LIO is deeper than the big powers competition that are shaping the international sphere nowadays. All of these actors belong to the international community and they are shaped by the same power hegemonies. To better appreciate the systematic nature of the LIO and its sustaining power hegemonies, therefore, it is useful to study the actors placed outside of the international community – i.e., international terrorism. It is on international terrorism that this article focuses arguing that it is the potential challenging nature of this violence that allows us to see the power relations shaping the international sphere. These are the reason of the state, of the system, and of civilization. Discursively legitimised by liberal narratives, these are the main systemic pillars of the LIO.
References
Auchter, J. (2020). The Personal is Political: Feminist Critiques of Countering Violent Extremism. In A. Martini, K. Ford & R. Jackson (Eds.), Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges (pp. 98–115), Manchester University Press.
Bartelson, J. (1996). Genealogy of Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press.
Behnke, A. (2004). Terrorising the Political: 9/11 within the Context of the Globalisation of Violence. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 33(2), 279–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298040330020201
de Benoist, A. (2013). Carl Schmitt Today: Terrorism, ‘Just’ War, and the State of Emergency. Arktos Media.
Boulden, J., & Weiss, TG. (Eds) (2004). Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11, Indiana University Press.
Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics. Columbia University Press.
Buzan, B. (2015). The English School: A neglected approach to International Security Studies. Security Dialogue, 46(2), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106145559
Buzan, B. & Lawson, G. (2015). The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
Cuadro, M. (2016). Racismo religioso: el islam en la economía discursiva del terrorismo. Relaciones Internacionales, 32, 59–78.
― (2019). Hacia una cartografía del dispositivo democrático global. Foro Internacional, 2 (236), 479–520. https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v59i2.2424
― (2020). Knowledge, power, subject. Constituting the extremist/moderate subject. In A. Martini, K. Ford & R. Jackson (Eds,), Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges (pp. 55–73), Manchester University Press.
― 2021. Sovereign Power, Government and Global Liberalism’s Crisis. Contexto Internacional, 43(3), 439–459. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2019430300001
Ditrych, O. (2014). Tracing the Discourses of Terrorism. Identity, Genealogy and State. Palgrave Macmillan.
Dunne, T., & Reus-Smit, C. (Eds.) (2017). The globalization of international society, First edition. Oxford University Press.
Erlenbusch-Anderson, V. (2018). Genealogies of terrorism: revolution, state violence, empire. Columbia University Press.
Foucault, M. (1975). Society must be defended. Penguin.
― (1980). Power/Knowledge: selected interviews & other Writings 1972-1977. Pantheom Books.
Gray, J. (2003). Al Qaeda and What It Means to Be Modern. The New Press.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2013). Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the “Radicalisation” Discourse and the UK PREVENT
Strategy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15(3), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00489.x
Herschinger, E. (2013). A Battlefield of Meanings: The Struggle for Identity in the UN Debates on a Definition of International Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence. 25(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.652318
Jahn, B. (2013). Liberal internationalism: theory, history, practice, Palgrave studies in international relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
― (2018). Liberal internationalism: historical trajectory and current prospects. International Affairs, 94(1), 43–61.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix231
Kundnani, A., & Hayes, B. (2018). The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies. Undermining human rights, instrumentalising civil society. Transnational Institute.
Mamdani, M. (2005). Good Muslim, Bad Muslim. America, the Cold War and the roots of terror. Three Leaves Press.
Martini, A., Ford, K. & Jackson, R. (Eds.), (2020) Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges, Manchester University Press.
Martini, A. (2020). Legitimising countering extremism at an international level: the role of the United Nations Security Council. In A. Martini, K. Ford & R. Jackson (Eds.), Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges (pp. 159–157), Manchester University Press.
― (2021). The UN and Counter-Terrorism. Global hegemonies, Power and identities. Routledge.
Mavelli, L. (2012). Security and secularization in International Relations. European Journal of International Relations, 18(1), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110396592
Meinke, F. (1983). La idea de la razón de estado en la edad contemporánea, Centro de Estudios Constitucionales.
Mohanty, CT. (1984). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. Boundary, 2, 12/13(3), pp. 333–358. https://doi.org/10.2307/302821
Odysseos, L. (2007). Crossing the line? Carl Schmitt on the “spaceless universalism” of cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror. In L. Odysseos & F. Petito (Eds.), The international political thought of Carl Schmitt. Terror, liberal war and the crisis of the global order (pp. 124–143). Routledge.
O’Hagan, J. (2017). The role of civilization in the Globalization of International Society. In T. Dunne & C. Reus-Smit (Eds.), The globalization of international society (1st ed., pp. 185–203). Oxford University Press.
Peñas Esteban, FJ. (1997). Occidentalización, fin de la Guerra Fría y relaciones internacionales. Alianza Editorial.
― (1999). Estándar de civilización: las historias de las relaciones internacionales. Revista Jurídica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1(0), 84–117.
― (2003). Hermanos y enemigos. Liberalismo y relaciones internacionales. Catarata.
Ragazzi, F. (2017). Countering terrorism and radicalisation: Securitising social policy?. Critical Social Policy, 37(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018316683472
Ruiz-Giménez Arrieta, I. (2005). La historia de la intervención humanitaria. El imperialismo altruista. La Catarata.
Salter, MB. (2002). Barbarians and Civilization in International Relations. Pluto Press.
Schmitt, C. (2003). Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of Jus Publicum Europeanum. Telos.
― (2004). The Theory of the Partisan. A Commentary/Remark on the Concept of the Political. Michigan State University Press.
Stohl, M. (2006). The state as Terrorist: Insights and Implications. Democracy and Security, 2(1), 1–25.
https://doi.org10.1080/17419160600623418
― (2012). Can states be terrorists? Yes: State Terror: the theoretical and practical utilities and implications of a contested concept. In R. Jackson & SJ. Sinclair (Eds.), Contemporary Debates on Terrorism (pp. 43-50). Routledge.
Thorup, M. (2010). An intellectual history of Terror. War, violence and the state. Routledge.
Todorov, T. (1989). La conquista de América. El problema del otro. Siglo XXI, México D.F.
Townshend, C. (2011). Terrorism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Vv. Aa. (2014). Rethinking the Standard(s) of Civilisation(s) in International Relations. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 42(3), pp. 546–976.
Walker, RBJ. (1993). Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Watson, A. (1992). The evolution of international society. A comparative historical analysis. Routledge.
Weber, M. (1919). Politik als Beruf, Duncker & Humblot. München und Leipzig.
Wight, M. (1977). Systems of States. Leicester University Press.
Full Text: pdf
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.