Trauma or Nostalgia? ‘The Past’ as Affective Ontological Security Seeking Playground in the South Caucasus


Abstract


Crises could be understood as dislocations of hegemonic identity narratives. One strategy of seeking ontological security, as re-ordering process to calm and sooth these displacements, is ‘defending memory’. But how does ‘defending memory’ play out? This article argues that to understand those mnemonic processes, one also has to look at the affective investments into these identity narratives informing processes of politicisation and securitisation. The article proposes to look at those processes through the lens of affective geopolitics to shed light onto those in the South Caucasus. In so doing, it explores the affective reproduction of memory and shows how investing, subscribing, questioning or rejecting identity-positionalities is a patch-work process of discursive emotion norm contestations. What emerges is a mosaic of emotion cultures drifting apart (between the South Caucasus countries) and away (internationally) linked to how ‘the past’ is re-felt either in agony or in gloriousness within presidential discourses.


DOI Code: 10.1285/i20398573v6n1p51

Keywords: emotions; ontological security; identity; affective geopolitics; South Caucasus

References


Academic Swiss Caucasus Net, European Network Remembrance and Solidarity & Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 2016, Memory and Identity in Post-Soviet Space, https://iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/36/36751.pdf.

Agadjanian, A, Jödicke, A & van der Zweerde, E 2017, Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus, Routledge, London.

Agathangelou, A 2019, ‘Sexual Affective Empires: Racialized Speculations and Wagers in the Affective IR Turn’, in E van Rythoven & M Sucharov (eds), Methodology and Emotion in International Relations: Parsing the Passions, Routledge, pp. 205-222.

Åhäll, L 2018, ‘Affect as Methodology: Feminism and the Politics of Emotion’, International Political Sociology, vol. 12, no. 01, pp. 36–52.

Åhäll, L & Gregory, T 2015, Emotions, Politics and War, Taylor & Francis, London.

Altunışık, MB & Tanrisever, OF 2018, The South Caucasus: Security, energy and Europeanization, Routledge, London.

Aliyev, I 2013, ‘Ilham Aliyev was interviewed by ‘Russia-24’ television channel’, viewed 11 December 2018, https://en.president.az/articles/7811.

Aliyev, I 2015, ‘Ilham Aliyev was interviewed by ‘Russia-24’ channel’, viewed 11 December 2018, https://en.president.az/articles/14954.

Antonsich, M, Skey, M, Sumartojo, S, Merriman, P, Stephens, AC, Tolia-Kelly, DP, Wilson, HF & Anderson, B 2020, ‘The spaces and politics of affective nationalism’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, vol. 38, no. 04 , pp 579-598.

Averre, D & Oskanian, K 2019, Security, society and the state in the Caucasus, Routledge, London.

Aydın, M 2011, Non-traditional security threats and regional cooperation in the southern caucasus, IOS Press, Amsterdam, Washington, D.C.

Bassin, M, Glebov, S & Laruelle, M 2015, Between Europe and Asia: The Origins, Theories, and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh PA.

Bernhard, MH & Kubik, J 2014, Twenty years after communism: The politics of memory and commemoration, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.

Besier, G & Stokłosa, K 2016, Neighbourhood Perceptions of the Ukraine Crisis : From the Soviet Union into Eurasia?, Taylor & Francis, London.

Bleiker, R & Hutchinson, E 2018, ‘Methods and Methodologies for the Study of Emotions in World Politics’, in M Clément & E Sangar (eds), Researching Emotions in International Relations: Methodological Perspectives on the Emotional Turn, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 325–342.

Boddice, R 2018, The history of emotions, Manchester University Press, Manchester.

Boyle, E 2016, ‘Borderization in Georgia: Sovereignty Materialized', Eurasia Border Review, vol. 7, no. 1, pp 1-18.

Broers, L 2019, Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a rivalry, Edinburgh University Press,Edinburgh.

Browning, CS 2015, 'Nation Branding, National Self‐Esteem, and the Constitution of Subjectivity in Late Modernity’, Foreign Policy Analysis, vol. 11, no. 02, pp. 195–214.

Browning, CS 2018a, ‘‘Je suis en terrasse’: Political Violence, Civilizational Politics, and the Everyday Courage to Be’, Political Psychology, vol. 39, no. 02, pp. 243–261.

Browning, CS 2018b, ‘Brexit, existential anxiety and ontological (in)security', European Security, vol. 27, no. 03, pp. 336–355.

Browning, CS 2018c, ‘Geostrategies, geopolitics and ontological security in the Eastern neighbourhood: The European Union and the ‘new Cold War’’, Political Geography, vol. 62, pp. 106–115.

Browning, CS & Christou, G 2010, ‘The constitutive power of outsiders: The European neighbourhood policy and the eastern dimension’, Political Geography, vol. 29, no. 02, pp. 109–118.

Browning, CS & Joenniemi, P 2016, ‘Ontological security, self-articulation and the securitization of identity’, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 52, no. 01, pp. 31–47.

Bursulaia, G 2020, ‘The voices of silence: The case of Georgian history textbooks', Caucasus Survey, pp. 1–16.

Buzogány, A 2019, ‘Europe, Russia, or both?: Popular perspectives on overlapping regionalism in the Southern Caucasus’, East European Politics, vol. 35, no. 01, pp. 93–109.

Capelos, T & Chrona, S 2018, ‘The Map to the Heart: An Analysis of Political Affectivity in Turkey’, Politics and Governance, vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 144–158.

Caverni, J-P, Fabre, J-M & Gonzalez, M (eds) 1990, Cognitive biases, North-Holland, Amsterdam, New York.

Chatterje-Doody, PN & Crilley, R 2019, ‘Making Sense of Emotions and Affective Investments in War: RT and the Syrian Conflict on YouTube’, Media and Communication, vol. 07, no. 03, p. 167-178.

Chernobrov, D 2019, Public Perception of International Crises: Identity, Ontological Security and Self-Affirmation, Rowman & Littlefield International, London.

Cheterian, V 2008, War and peace in the Caucasus: Russia's troubled frontier, Hurst & Co., London.

Chikovani, N 2009, ‘Narrative of the United Caucasus: Political or Historical Project? ’, Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 02, no. 01, pp. 119–126.

Clément, M & Sangar, E (eds) 2018, Researching Emotions in International Relations: Methodological Perspectives on the Emotional Turn, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Companjen, F, Marácz, LK & Versteegh, L 2010, Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam.

Coppieters, B 2004, Europeanization and conflict resolution: Case studies from the European periphery, Academia Press, Gent.

Crawford, A & Hutchinson, S 2016, ‘Mapping the Contours of ‘Everyday Security: Time, Space and Emotion’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 56, no. 06, pp. 1184–1202.

Crawford, NC 2000, ‘The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships’, International Security, vol. 24, no. 04, pp. 116–156.

Crawford, NC 2019, ‘The power of emotions, the emotions of politics: What do we need to know about emotions to make sense of world politics?’, in E van Rythoven & M Sucharov (eds), Methodology and Emotion in International Relations, Routledge, London.

Creutziger, C & Reuber, P 2019, ‘The Cold War as narrative? Old paradigms and new emotions’, ZOIS: Centre for East European and International Studies, viewed 14 October 2019, https://en.zois-berlin.de/publications/zois-spotlight/the-cold-war-as-narrative-old-paradigms-and-new-emotions/.

Croft, S & Vaughan-Williams, N 2016, ‘Fit for purpose? Fitting ontological security studies ‘into’ the discipline of International Relations: Towards a vernacular turn’, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 52, no. 01, pp. 12–30.

Dawisha, K & Parrott, B 1997, Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

de Waal, T 2019, The Caucasus: An introduction, 2nd ed, Oxford University Press, New York.

DeBardeleben, J (ed) 2008, The boundaries of EU enlargement: Finding a place for neighbours, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Demertzis, N 2013, Emotions in politics: The affect dimension in political tension, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Edkins, J 2013, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ejdus, F 2017, ‘‘Not a heap of stones’: Material environments and ontological security in international relations’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 30, no. 01, pp. 23–43.

jdus, F 2019, Crisis and Ontological Insecurity: Serbia's Anxiety over Kosovo's Secession, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Eklundh, E, Zavnik, A & Guittet, E-P (eds) 2017, The politics of anxiety, Rowman & Littlefield International, London.

Ekman, P & Davidson, RJ 2015, The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Eldar, I, & Rauf, G 2007, ‘Confrontational collective memory in the Caucasus: how can the “curse of the past” be overcome?’, in The Caucasus & Globalization, vol. 04, no. 01, pp. 101–108.

Fattah, K & Fierke, KM 2009, ‘A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East', European Journal of International Relations, vol. 15, no. 01, pp. 67–93.

Festinger, L 1962, A theory of cognitive dissonance, Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Fierke, KM 2014, 'Emotion and intentionality’, International Theory, vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 563–567.

Fierke, KM 2015, ‘Emotions in IR: The ‘Dog That Did Not Bark’’, viewed 25 August 2019, https://www.e-ir.info/2015/02/20/emotions-in-ir-the-dog-that-did-not-bark/.

Findlay, SD & Thagard, P 2014, ‘Emotional Change in International Negotiation: Analyzing the Camp David Accords Using Cognitive-Affective Maps’, Group Decision and Negotiation, vol. 23, no. 06, pp. 1281–1300.

Fukuyama, F 2006, The end of history and the last man, Free Press, New York.

Fukuyama, F 2018, Identity: The demand for dignity and the politics of resentment, Profile Books, London.

Galeotti, M 2019, ‘Putin doesn’t want to kill liberalism, only optimism’, viewed 10 July 2019, https://raamoprusland.nl/dossiers/kremlin/1340-putin-doesn-t-want-to-kill-liberalism-only-optimism.

Geukjian, O 2016, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus, Routledge, London.

Giddens, A 1991, Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age, Polity Press, Cambridge.

Gilmore, J & Rowling, C 2018, ‘A post-American world?: Assessing the cognitive and attitudinal impacts of challenges to American exceptionalism’, The Communication Review, vol. 21, no. 01, pp. 46–65.

Giragosian, R 2015, ‘Armenia’s Eurasian Choice: Is the EU Integration Still at Stake?’, viewed 03 September 2019, https://ge.boell.org/en/2015/04/02/armenias-eurasian-choice-eu-integration-still-stake.

Glöckner, A & Pachur, T 2012, ‘Cognitive models of risky choice: Parameter stability and predictive accuracy of prospect theory’, Cognition, vol. 123, no. 01, pp. 21–32.

Goffman, E 1974, Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience, Harper & Row, New York.

Gökarıksel, B & Secor, AJ 2018, ‘Affective geopolitics: Anxiety, pain, and ethics in the encounter with Syrian refugees in Turkey’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, vol. 25, no. 02, pp. 1-19.

Golunov, SV 2017, Russian and Chinese Influences in Shared Borderlands, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, no. 453.

Grant, B 2009, The captive and the gift: Cultural histories of sovereignty in Russia and the Caucasus, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Grigoryan, E & Margaryan, S 2018, ‘Memory Politics: The Post-Soviet Memory Landscape in Yerevan’, viewed 03 July 2019, https://caucasusedition.net/memory-politics-the-post-soviet-memory-landscape-in-yerevan/.

Gugushvili, A, Kabachnik, P & Kirvalidze, A 2017, ‘Collective memory and reputational politics of national heroes and villains’, Nationalities Papers, vol. 45, no. 03, pp. 464–484.

Gustafsson, K 2014, ‘Memory Politics and Ontological Security in Sino-Japanese Relations’, Asian Studies Review, vol. 38, no. 01, pp. 71–86.

Hayoz, N & Dafflon, D 2014, ‘Introduction: Political Transformation and Social Change in the South Caucasus’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 14, no. 02, pp. 195–198.

Heinrich Boell Foundation (Tbilisi Office - South Caucasus region), Ilia State University & Soviet Past Research Laboratory (SOVLAB) 2019, The South Caucasus Regional Conference on Memory Politics, Ilia State University.

Hille, CML 2010, State building and conflict resolution in the Caucasus, Brill, Leiden.

Hor, AJY 2019, ‘Emotions in-and-out of equilibrium: Tracing the everyday defensiveness of identity’, in E van Rythoven & M Sucharov (eds), Methodology and Emotion in International Relations, Routledge, London.

Huseynova, I 2019, The Politics of Memory and Commemoration: Centennial Anniversary in the South Caucasus, MA Thesis, University of Tartu, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/62d8/83f3ee56dd9302e18dc668f6bba315cf4dcd.pdf.

Hutchinson, E 2010, ‘Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing’, International Relations, vol. 24, no. 01, pp. 65–86.

Hutchinson, E 2016, Affective communities in world politics: Collective emotions after trauma, Cambridge University Press, New York.

Kinnvall, C 2016, ‘Feeling ontologically (in)secure: States, traumas and the governing of gendered space’, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 52, no. 01, pp. 90–108.

Kinnvall, C, Manners, I & Mitzen, J 2018, ‘Introduction to 2018 special issue of European Security: ‘ontological (in)security in the European Union’’, European Security, vol. 27, no. 03, pp. 249–265.

Kinnvall, C & Mitzen, J 2018, ‘Ontological security and conflict: The dynamics of crisis and the constitution of community’, Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 21, no. 04, pp. 825–835.

Kitaevich, EJ 2014, ‘History that splinters: Education reforms and memory politics in the Republic of Georgia’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 14, no. 02, pp. 319–338.

Koschut, S 2014, ‘Emotional (security) communities: The significance of emotion norms in inter-allied conflict management’, Review of International Studies, vol. 40, no. 03, pp. 533–558.

Koschut, S 2017a, ‘No sympathy for the devil: Emotions and the social construction of the democratic peace’, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 53, no. 03, pp. 320-338.

Koschut, S 2017b, ‘The power of (emotion) words: On the importance of emotions for social constructivist discourse analysis in IR’, Journal of International Relations and Development, vol 21, pp. 495–522.

Koschut, S 2017c, ‘The Structure of Feeling – Emotion Culture and National Self-Sacrifice in World Politics’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, vol. 45, no. 02, pp. 174–192.

Koschut, S 2018, ‘Appropriately Upset?: A Methodological Framework for Tracing the Emotion Norms of the Transatlantic Security Community’, Politics and Governance, vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 125–134.

Koschut, S 2019, ‘Communitarian emotions in IR: Constructing emotional worlds’, in E van Rythoven & M Sucharov (eds), Methodology and Emotion in International Relations, Routledge, London, pp. 79-96.

Koschut, S, Hall, TH, Wolf, R, Solomon, T, Hutchinson, E & Bleiker, R 2017, ‘Discourse and Emotions in International Relations’, International Studies Review, vol. 19, no. 03, pp. 481–508.

Krastev, I & Holmes, S 2019, The Light that Failed: A Reckoning, Allen Lane, London.

Kurilla, I 2009, Memory Wars in the Post-Soviet Space, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, no. 63.

Laing, RD 1968, ‘Ontological Insecurity’, in KJ Gergen & C Gordon (eds), The self in social interaction, pp. 415–422.

Laing, RD 1969, Self and others. 2nd ed, 2nd ed, Tavistock Publications, London.

Laing, RD 1991, The divided self: An existential study in sanity and madness, 2nd ed, Viking, Harmondsworth.

Laszczkowski, M & Reeves, M 2018, Affective states: Entanglements, suspensions, suspicions, Berghahn Books, New York.

Lauritzen, M, Beville, M & Sencindiver, SY 2011, Otherness: A Multilateral Perspective, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main.

Leek, M & Morozov, V 2018, ‘Identity beyond othering: Crisis and the politics of decision in the EU’s involvement in Libya’, International Theory, vol. 10, no. 01, pp. 122–152.

Lim, J-H 2020, ‘Triple Victimhood: On the Mnemonic Confluence of the Holocaust, Stalinist Crime, and Colonial Genocide’, Journal of Genocide Research, pp. 1–22.

Mälksoo, M 2015, ‘‘Memory must be defended’: Beyond the politics of mnemonical security’, Security Dialogue, vol. 46, no. 03, pp. 221–237.

Mälksoo, M 2018, ‘The Transitional Justice and Foreign Policy Nexus: The Inefficient Causation of State Ontological Security-Seeking’, International Studies Review, vol. 21, no. 03, pp. 373-397.

Mälksoo, M 2019, ‘The normative threat of subtle subversion: The return of ‘Eastern Europe’ as an ontological insecurity trope’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 32, no. 03, pp. 365–383.

Margvelashvili, G 2016, ‘It is Necessary to Speak Very Clearly with Russia’, viewed 10 December 2018, https://www.president.gov.ge/en-US/pressamsakhuri/interviuebi/%E2%80%8Bgiorgi-margvelashvili-rusets-dzalian-mkafiod-unda.aspx.

Margvelashvili, G 2018, ‘Interview of Lithuanian Public Broadcaster with President Margvelashvili’, viewed 10 December 2018, https://www.president.gov.ge/en-US/pressamsakhuri/interviuebi/saqartvelos-prezidentis-interviu-litvis-sazogadoeb.aspx.

Mitzen, J 2006, ‘Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma’, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 12, no. 03, pp. 341–370.

Mitzen, J & Larson, K 2017, Ontological Security and Foreign Policy, viewed 20 October 2019, http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-458.

Moïsi, D 2010, The geopolitics of emotion: How cultures of fear, humiliation, and hope are reshaping the world, Anchor Books, New York.

Mordka, C 2016, ‘What are Emotions?: Structure and Function of Emotions’, Studia Humana, vol. 05, no. 03, pp. 29-44.

Mousseau, M 2019, ‘The End of War: How a Robust Marketplace and Liberal Hegemony Are Leading to Perpetual World Peace’, International Security, vol. 44, no. 01, pp. 160–196.

Nabers, D 2015, A Poststructuralist Discourse Theory of Global Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

Nicolaïdis, K, Sèbe, B & Maas, G 2015, Echoes of empire: Memory, identity and colonial legacies, I.B. Tauris, London.

Oskanian, K 2013, Fear, weakness and power in the post-Soviet South Caucasus: A theoretical and empirical analysis, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Park, SH, Kim, HJ & Park, YO 2017, ‘Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Responses to Ingroup’s Devalued Social Status: A Field Study at a Public University’, Current Psychology, vol. 36, no. 01, pp. 22–38.

Prior, A & van Hoef, Y 2018, ‘Interdisciplinary Approaches to Emotions in Politics and International Relations’, Politics and Governance, vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 48–52.

Rauf, G & Rena, K 2011, ‘Memory, emotions, and behavior of the masses in an ethnopolitical conflict: Nagorno-Karabakh’, The Caucasus & Globalization, vol. 05, no. 03-04, pp. 77-88.

Rayfield, D 2012, Edge of empires: A history of Georgia, Reaktion Books, London.

Reeves, M 2011, ‘Fixing the Border: On the Affective Life of the State in Southern Kyrgyzstan’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 29, no. 05, pp. 905–923.

Resende, ESA & Budryte, D 2014, Memory and trauma in international relations: Theories, cases, and debates, Routledge, London.

Reus-Smit, C 2014, ‘Emotions and the social’, International Theory, vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 568–574.

Rich, PB 2013, Crisis in the Caucasus, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken.

Richardson, PB 2010, Crisis in the Caucasus: Russia, Georgia and the West, Routledge, London.

Rosenwein, BH 2006, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.

Ross, AAG 2006, ‘Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions’, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 12, no. 02, pp. 197–222.

Ross, AAG 2013, 'Realism, emotion, and dynamic allegiances in global politics', International Theory, vol. 05, no. 02, pp. 273–299.

Rumelili, B 2015a, Conflict resolution and ontological security, Routledge, London.

Rumelili, B 2015b, ‘Identity and desecuritisation: The pitfalls of conflating ontological and physical security’, Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 18, no. 01, pp. 52–74.

Rumelili, B 2016, Conflict resolution and ontological security: Peace anxieties, Routledge, London.

Rumelili, B 2018, ‘Breaking with Europe’s pasts: Memory, reconciliation, and ontological (In)security’, European Security, vol. 27, no. 03, pp. 280–295.

Saakashvili, M 2011, The interview of the President of Georgia during the morning show of MSNBC - ‘Morning Joe’, http://www.saakashviliarchive.info/en/PressOffice/News/Interviews?p=6798&i=1.

Saakashvili, M 2011, Interview with Segodnya, http://www.saakashviliarchive.info/en/PressOffice/News/Interviews?p=6800&i=1.

Sargsyan, S 2010, Interview of the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan to the German Der Spiegel weekly, viewed 04 December 2018, http://www.president.am/en/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2010/04/05/news-47/.

Sargsyan, S 2011, ‘Interview of President Serzh Sargsyan to Free Artsakh newspaper and the NKR State TV station, viewed 04 December 2018, http://www.president.am/en/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2011/09/02/news-72/.

Scheve, C von 2014, Emotion and Social Structures: The Affective Foundations of Social Order, Taylor & Francis, London.

Scheve, C von & Salmella, M 2014, Collective Emotions, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Schick, K 2019, ‘Emotions and the everyday: Ambivalence, power and resistance’, Journal of International Political Theory, vol. 15, no. 02, pp. 261–268.

Shevel, O 2011, ‘The Politics of Memory in a Divided Society: A Comparison of Post-Franco Spain and Post-Soviet Ukraine’, Slavic Review, vol. 70, no. 01, pp. 137–164.

Solomon, T 2012, ‘‘I wasn't angry, because I couldn't believe it was happening’: Affect and discourse in responses to 9/11’, Review of International Studies, vol. 38, no. 04, pp. 907–928.

Solomon, T 2013, ‘The affective underpinnings of soft power’, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 20, no. 03, pp. 720–741.

Solomon, T 2018, ‘Ontological security, circulations of affect, and the Arab Spring’, Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 21, no. 04, pp. 934–958.

Somers, MR 1994, ‘The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach’, Theory and Society, vol. 23, no. 05, pp. 605–649.

Steele, BJ 2008, Ontological security in international relations: Self-identity and the IR state, Routledge, London.

Steele, BJ & Homolar, A 2019, ‘Ontological insecurities and the politics of contemporary populism’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 32, no. 03, pp. 214–221.

Subotić, J 2013, ‘Remembrance, Public Narratives, and Obstacles to Justice in the Western Balkans’, Studies in Social Justice, vol. 07, no. 02, p. 265.

Subotić, J 2013, ‘Stories States Tell: Identity, Narrative, and Human Rights in the Balkans’, Slavic Review, vol. 72, no. 02, pp. 306–326.

Subotić, J 2016, ‘Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change‘, Foreign Policy Analysis, vol. 12, no. 04, pp. 610–627.

Subotić, J 2018, ‘Political memory, ontological security, and Holocaust remembrance in post-communist Europe’, European Security, vol. 27, no. 03, pp. 296–313.

Subotić, J 2019a, ‘History, memory, and politics in post-communist Eastern Europe’, viewed 20 October 2019, https://www.cips-cepi.ca/2019/09/19/history-memory-and-politics-in-post-communist-eastern-europe/.

Subotić, J 2019b, ‘Political memory after state death: The abandoned Yugoslav national pavilion at Auschwitz’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 32, no. 03, pp. 245–262.

Subotic, J 2019c, Yellow star, red star: Holocaust remembrance after communism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Sun, R 2006, Cognition and multi-agent interaction: From cognitive modeling to social simulation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Suny, RG 2004, The revenge of the past: Nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Tausczik, YR & Pennebaker, JW 2010, ‘The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, vol. 29, no. 01, pp. 24–54.

Thrift, N 2008, Non-Representational Theory: Space, Politics, Affect, Taylor & Francis, London.

Toal, G 2016, Near abroad: Putin, the west and the contest for russia's rimlands, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Toal, G 2018, ‘The Affective Geopolitics of the New Cold War’, Global Governance Institute, UCL, https://vimeo.com/267998695.

Toal, G & Merabishvili, G 2019, ‘Borderization theatre: Geopolitical entrepreneurship on the South Ossetia boundary line, 2008–2018’, Caucasus Survey, vol. 07, no. 02, pp. 110–133.

Torbakov, IB & Plokhy, S 2018, After empire: Nationalist imagination and symbolic politics in Russia and Eurasia in the twentieth and twenty-first century, ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart.

van Hoef, Y 2018, ‘Interpreting Affect Between State Leaders: Assessing the Political Friendship Between Winston S. Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt’, in M Clément & E Sangar (eds), Researching Emotions in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 51–73.

van Rythoven, E 2015, ‘Learning to feel, learning to fear?: Emotions, imaginaries, and limits in the politics of securitization’, Security Dialogue, vol. 46, no. 05, pp. 458–475.

van Rythoven, E 2018, ‘Fear in the crowd or fear of the crowd? The dystopian politics of fear in international relations’, Critical Studies on Security, vol. 06, no. 01, pp. 33–49.

van Rythoven, E & Sucharov, M (eds) 2019, Methodology and Emotion in International Relations: Parsing the Passions, Routledge, New York.

Wertsch, JV 2008, ‘The Narrative Organization of Collective Memory’, Ethos, vol. 36, no. 01, pp. 120–135.

Wodak, R 2015, The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean, Sage, Los Angeles.

Wodak, R & Meyer, M 2009, Methods of critical discourse analysis, 2nd. ed., Sage, London.

Wodak, R & Schulz, M 1986, The Language of Love and Guilt, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.

Yalçın-Heckmann, L 2016, ‘Remembering and Living on the Borderlands in the South Caucasus’, in T Bringa & H Toje (eds), Eurasian Borderlands: Spatializing Borders in the Aftermath of State Collapse, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 133–158.

Yemelianova, GM & Broers, L (eds) 2020, Routledge Handbook of the Caucasus, Routledge, New York.

Ziemer, U 2018, ‘‘The waiting and not knowing can be agonizing’: Tracing the power of emotions in a prolonged conflict in the South Caucasus’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 20, no. 03, pp. 331–349.


Full Text: pdf

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.
کاغذ a4

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.