Drone Warfare and the Obama Administration’s Path-Dependent Struggles on Human Rights and Counterterrorism


Abstract


Why did the use of drone strikes proliferate during the first term of the Obama administration? This paper espouses two key preliminary and exploratory arguments. First, deploying theoretical insights from historical institutionalism, we argue that the Obama administration, despite its initial resistance to the existing counterterror agenda, found it extremely difficult to reverse the war on terror narrative and the institutions that emerged therefrom in US domestic and foreign politics. This continuation provided strong incentives to maintain militaristic approaches to counterterrorism, considering President Obama’s inclination to continue the use of military power against terrorists. Second, upon realising the stickiness and institutional endurance of post-9/11 security agencies, Obama’s opposition to war on terror-oriented policies motivated the administration to wage a supposedly more morally justifiable and effective counterterror strategy with the use of armed drones.

 


DOI Code: 10.1285/i20398573v6n1p167

References


Becker, J & Shane, S 2012, ‘Secret ‘Kill List’ Tests Obama’s Principles’, The New York Times, May 29, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Bentley, M 2014, ‘Continuity we can believe in: escaping the War on terror’, in M Bentley & J Holland (eds), Obama’s Foreign Policy – Ending the War on terror, Routledge, pp. 91–107.

Birdsall, A 2018, ‘Drone warfare in counterterrorism and normative change: US policy and the politics of international law’, Global Society, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2018.1456409

Brennan, J 2012, ‘The ethics and efficacy of the President’s Counterterrorism Strategy’, Council on Foreign Relations, 30 April, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Bush, GW 2001, ‘September 22, 2001: Address on the US response to the attacks on September 11’, Miller Center, 22 September, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Byman, D 2013, ‘Why drones work: The case for Washington’s weapon of choice’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 32–43.

Cramer, JK & Thrall, AT 2009, ‘Introduction: Understanding threat inflation’, in AT Thrall & J Cramer (eds), American foreign policy and the politics of fear: Threat inflation since 9/11, Routledge, pp. 1–15.

Davis, J 2011, ‘Assessing Obama’s Efforts to Redefine the War on terror’, in J Da-vis (ed), The Barack Obama Presidency, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 165–189.

Deeks, AS 2016, ‘The Obama Administration, International Law, and Executive Minimalism’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002930000763159

Drake, B 2013, Obama and drone strikes: Support but questions at home, opposition abroad, Pew Research Center, 24 May, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Fairhead, E 2016, ‘Schmittian politics in the age of drones: an analysis of Obama’s War on terror’, PhD thesis, University of Kent.

Fisk, K & Ramos, J 2016, ‘Introduction: The preventive force continuum’, in K Fisk & J Ramos (eds), Preventive force, New York University Press, pp. 1–29.

Greenwald, G 2013, ‘Three key lessons from the Obama administration’s drone lies’, The Guardian, April 13, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Hodges, A 2011, The “War on terror” narrative: Discourse and intertextuality in the construction and contestation of sociopolitical reality, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Horowitz, MC, Kreps, S & Fuhrmann, M 2016, ‘Separating fact from fiction in the debate over drone proliferation’, International Security, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00257

Jackson, R 2011, ‘Culture, identity and hegemony: Continuity and (the lack of) change in counterterrorism policy from Bush to Obama’, International Politics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 390–411. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2011.5

Jenkins, B 2016, ‘President Obama’s Controversial Legacy as Counterterrorism-in-Chief’, The RAND Blog, August 22, viewed 10 July 2020,

.

Kindervater, KH 2016, ‘The emergence of lethal surveillance: Watching and killing in the history of drone technology’, Security Dialogue, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967010615616011

Klaidman, D 2012, Kill or Capture: The War on terror and the soul of the Obama presidency, Mariner Books, New York.

Krebs, R & Lobasz, J 2009, ‘The sound of silence: Rhetorical coercion, Democratic acquiescence, and the Iraq War’, in A Thrall & J Cramer (eds), American foreign policy and the politics of fear: Threat inflation since 9/11, Routledge, pp. 117–134.

Kreuzer, M 2014, ‘Remotely Piloted Aircraft: Evolution, Diffusion, and the Future of Air Warfare’, PhD Diss., Princeton University.

Koh, H 2010, ‘The Obama administration and International Law’, Keynote speech at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law.

Lustick, IS 2006, Trapped in the War on terror, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania.

Lustick, IS 2013, ‘Trapped, or not, in the War on terror’, in M Ayoob & E Ugur (eds), Assessing the War on terror, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 173–192.

Mazzetti, M 2013, The way of the knife: The CIA, a secret army, and a war at the ends of the earth, Penguin Books, New York.

McCrisken, T 2011, ‘Ten years on: Obama’s war on terrorism in rhetoric and practice’, International Affairs, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 781–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2011.01004.x

McDonald, J 2017, Enemies known and unknown: targeted killings in America’s transnational war, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Obama, B 2007, ‘Renewing American Leadership’, Foreign Affairs, July/August, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 2–16.

Obama, B 2009a, ‘December 1, 2009: Speech on strategy in Afghanistan and Pakistan’, Miller Center, 1 December, viewed 10 July 2020,

.

Obama, B 2009b, ‘June 4, 2009: Address at Cairo University’, Miller Center, 4 June, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Obama, B 2011, ‘Remarks at the Change of Command Ceremony for the Chair-man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff’, Government of the United States of America, 30 September, viewed 10 July 2020,

.

Pierson, P & Skocpol, T 2002, ‘Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Politi-cal Science’, in I Katznelson & H Milner (eds), Political Science: State of the Discipline, WW Norton, pp. 693–721.

Priest, D & Arkin, W 2011, Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State, Little, Brown, and Company, New York.

Purkiss, J & Serle, J 2017, ‘Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes than Bush’, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 17 January, viewed 10 July 2020, .

Ralph, J 2013, America's War on terror: The State of the 9/11 Exception from Bush to Obama, Oxford University Press, New York.

Regilme, SSFJ 2018a, ‘Does US Foreign Aid Undermine Human Rights? The “Thaksinification” of the War on terror Discourses and the Human Rights Crisis in Thailand, 2001 to 2006’, Human Rights Review, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 73–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-017-0482-2

Regilme, SSFJ 2018b, ‘A human rights tragedy: Strategic localization of US foreign policy in Colombia’, International Relations, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 343–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117818777830

Regilme, SSFJ 2019, ‘The Decline of American Power and Donald Trump: Reflections on Human Rights, Neoliberalism, and the World Order’, Geoforum, vol. 102, pp. 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.04.010

Rixen, T & Viola, LA 2016, ‘Historical Institutionalism and International Relations: Towards Explaining Change and Stability in International Institutions’, in T Rixen & LA Viola (eds), Historical Institutionalism and International Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36.

Sauer, F & Schörnig, N 2012, ‘Killer drones: the ‘silver bullet’ of democratic war-fare?’ Security Dialogue, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 343–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010612450207

Shelby, W 2017, ‘Prone to drone: Unmanned Aircraft System’s effect on public support for the use of force’, PhD Diss., Purdue University.

Spetalnick, M & Rampton, R 2013, ‘Obama shifts US from ‘perpetual war-footing’, limits drone strikes’, Reuters, 23 May, 10 July 2020, .

Stern, J 2015, ‘Obama and Terrorism’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 94, no. 62, pp. 62–71.

Sunday Independent, 2012, ‘How Obama became adept at waging war. E1-18’, Factiva, March 11, 10 July 2020,

.

Thelen, K 1999, ‘Historical institutionalism in comparative politics’, Annual review of political science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 369–404. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.369

Thimm, J 2018, ‘From Exception to Normalcy: The United States and the War on terrorism’, Working Paper, SWP Berlin, viewed 10 July 2020, .

The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 2019, ‘Drone strikes in Pakistan’, 2 January, 10 July 2020, .

TWH (The White House), 2010, National Security Strategy, 1 May, viewed 10 July 2020,

.

Walsh, J 2018, ‘The rise of targeted killing’, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 41, no. 1-2, pp. 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2017.1393035

Zenko, M 2012, ‘Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes’, Council on Foreign Relations, July 16, viewed 10 July 2020, .


Full Text: pdf

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.