Email this article Tourist engagement with garden visitation during COVID-19 pandemic: A statistical evaluation
Abstract
References
Addustour Daily (2021). Gardens in Amman. Available from: https://www.ammancity.gov.jo/ar/services/parks.[Accessed 10 July 2021].
Alhammad, F.A., Harb, A., Alzboun, N., Harahsheh, S., and Masedeh, M. (2023).
COVID-19 pandemic and the Future of Tourism and Hospitality Research: A Systematic
Review of the Published Research During the pandemic. African Journal of Hospitality,
Tourism and Leisure, 12(2), 430-446.
Arowosafe, F., C., and Ajay, A. A. (2018). Visitors’ satisfaction and intention to revisit
Agodi Parks and Garden Ibadan, Oyo State. Journal of Research in Forestry,
Wildlife and Environment, 10(4), 110-117.
Baara, S. (2010). Garden in the Islamic era: Analytical study of its symbolic significance
and architectural function. Thesis (MA). Al Najah University.
Benfield, R. (2013). Garden tourism. Central Connecticut State University USA. Oxfordshire:
CABI.
Benfield, E., W. (2018). Garden tourism. In: Agarwal, S., Busby, G., and Huang, R.,
eds. Special interest tourism: concepts, context, and cases. Oxfordshire: CABI, 156-170.
Benfield, R. (2021). New Directions of Garden Tourism. Oxfordshire: CABI. Irbid
Municipality, (2021). Irbid Municipality announces the reopening of its gardens to visitors
(in Arabic). Available from: https://irbid.gov.jo/?p=7907. [Accessed 20 June 2021].
American Public Gardens Association, APGA, (2021). What is a Public Garden? Available
from: https://www.publicgardens.org/about-public-gardens/what-public-garden. [Accessed
July 2021].
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J. and Hughes, K. (2008). Environmental awareness, interests,
and motives of botanic gardens visitors: Implications for interpretive practice. Tourism
Management, Vol. 29, No. 3, 439-444.
Bennett, E. and Swasey, J. (1996). Perceived stress reduction in urban public gardens.
HortTechnology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 125-128.
Bitgood, S. (2002). Environmental psychology in museums, zoos, and other exhibition
centres. In: Bechtel, R. and Churchman, A., eds. Handbook of environmental
psychology. London: John Wiley & Sons. 461-480.
Brotherton., B. (2015). Researching hospitality and tourism. 2nd ed. London: Sage
Publications.
Connell, J. (2002). A critical analysis of gardens as a source for tourism and recreation
in the UK. Thesis (PhD). University of Plymouth.
Connell, J. (2004). The purest of human pleasures: The characteristics and motivations
of garden visitors in Great Britain. Tourism Management, Vol. 25, 229-247.
Crompton, J.L. (1979). Motivation for Pleasure Vacation. Annals of Tourism Research,
Vol. 6, 408-424.
Daft, R. L. (2021). Management. 14th ed. Boston: Cengage.
Dann, G. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.
.8, No. 2, 187-219.
De Oliveira Paiva, P. D. De Brito Sousa, R. and Carcaud, N. (2020). Flowers and
gardens on the context and tourism potential. Ornamental Horticulture, Vol. 26, No. 1,
-133.
Dehgan, B. (2014). Public garden management: A global perspective. Volume 1. Library
of Congress.
Department of Statistics, DOS (2021). Estimated population of the Kingdom by government
and gender 2004-2020. Department of Statistics, Amman: Dos.
European Union Cult Tour Project (2012). Garden tourism, concepts, definitions, and
examples. Available from. www.culttour.eu. [Accessed 28 September 2022].
Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, Sage, London.
Fox D. (2007). Understanding garden visitors: The affordances of a leisure environment.
Doctorate Thesis (Doctorate). Bournemouth University.
Gallagher, J. (1983). Visiting historical gardens: a report on contemporary garden visiting
and its literature. Leeds: Leeds Polytechnic.
Galloway, G. (2002). Psychographic segment of park visitor markets: Evidence for
the utility of sensation seeking. Tourism Management, Vol. 23, No. 6, 581-596.
Geng, D(C)., Innes, J. Wu1 W., and Wang, G. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic
on urban park visitation: a global analysis. Journal for Forestry Research, Vol.
, 353-367.
Goethe Institute 2013. Gardens in Islam, are they tradition to preserve the nature?
Available from: http://www.goethe.de/ges/phi/prj/ffs/the/a99/ar11267816.htm. [Accessed 20 August 2021].
Gordon-Rawlings, T., and Russo, A. (2023). Exploring the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
on people’s relationships with gardens. Emotion, Space, and Society, 46, 1-8.
Gunn, C. A. (1988). Tourism planning. 2nd edition. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Haddad, R. K. (2013). A Critical analysis of the experiences of female business owners
in the development and management of tourism-related micro and small handicraft
businesses in an Islamic society: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Doctorate Thesis
(Doctorate). Bournemouth University, School of Tourism.
Harahsheh, S. Haddad, R. and Alshorman, M. (2019). Implications of marketing Jordan
as a Halal tourism destination. Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 1, 97-116.
Harahsheh, S. S. (2002). Curative tourism n Jordan and its potential development.
Masters Thesis (Masters). Bournemouth University, School of Services Management.
Harahsheh, S. S. (2009). An Evaluation of the image of the Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan in the British and Swedish markets and the implications for marketing the country
as a tourism destination. Doctorate Thesis (Doctorate). Bournemouth University,
School of Tourism.
Hazbun, W. (2008). Beaches, ruins, resorts: The politics of tourism in the Arab world.
Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press
Irvine, K., Warber, S., Devine-Wright, P., and Gaston, K. (2013). Understanding urban
green space as a health resource: A qualitative comparison of visit motivation and
derived effects among park users in Sheffield, UK. International journal of environment
and research of public health, 10, 417-442.
Jennings, G. (2011). Tourism research. London: Wiley Australia tourism series.
Jordaan Y. and Plessis, G. (2014). Motivators to visit the National Zoological Gardens
of South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, Vol. 3, No.
, 1-13.
Koch, A., and Blohm, M. (2016). Nonresponse Bias. GESIS Survey Guidelines. Mannheim,
Germany: GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. doi : 10.15465/gesis −
sgen004.
Kamau, F. Waweru, F. Lewa, P. and Misiko, A. (2015). Effects of psychological factors
on demand on urban domestic tourism in Kenya. European journal of hospitality and tourism research, Vol. 3, No. 2, 12-27.
Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge
University Press.
R. Kaplan, R. (1992) The psychological benefits of nearby nature. In: Relf, D. (Ed.)
The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development. Portland, OR:
Timber Press, 125-133.
Kim, S. Lee, C. and Klenosky, D. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at
Korean national parks. Tourism Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, 169-180.
Kimmm, K. (2017). Public Park Visit Motivation, Constraint, and Constraint Management
Process. E-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 14 (1.2), 1-20.
Kisling, V. (2001). Ancient collections and menageries. In: Kisling., V., ed. Zoo and
aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens. Library of Congress.
-47.
Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2014). Marketing management. London: Pearson Education.
Lehto, X. O’Leary, J. and Morrison A. )2002(. Do psychographics influence vacation
destination choices? A comparison of British travellers to North America, Asia, and
Oceania. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 2, 109-125.
Leiper, N. (1995). Tourism Management. Melbourne: RMIT Press.
Leiper, N. (2004). Tourism Management. 3rd ed. Malaysia: Pearson Hospitality Press.
Marcus, C. and Barnes, M. (1999). Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design
recommendations. New York: Wiley.
Mayo, E., J. and Jarvis, L. P. (1981). The Psychology of Leisure Travel: Effective
Marketing and Selling of Travel Services. Boston: CBI Publishing Company, Inc.
Mental Health Foundation (2021). What is stress? Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/ato-
z/s/stress. [Accessed 3 November 2021].
Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online (2021). Definition of a garden. Available from:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/garden?src=search-dict-box. [Accessed
/11/2021].
Nilson, T. and Thorel, K. (2018). Cultural heritage preservation: The past, the present
and the future. Halmstad University Press.
Ottosson, J. and Grahn, P. (2005). A comparison of leisure time spent in a garden
with leisure time spent indoors: On measures of restoration in residents in Geriatric
care. Landscape Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, 23-55.
Page, S. J. (2009). Tourism management. 3rd ed. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Pan, S. and Ryan, C. (2007). Mountain areas and visitor usage: Motivations and determinants
of satisfaction: The case of Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 15, No. 3, 288-308.
Parsons, A. (2011). Young children and nature: Outdoor play and development, experiences
fostering environmental consciousness, and the implications on playground
design. Thesis (MA), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Pavia, P. Sousa, R. and Nathalie, C. (2020). Flowers and gardens on the context and
tourism potential. Ornamental horticulture ociedade Brasileira de Floricultura ePlantas
Ornamentais, Vol. 26, No. 1, 21-133.
Payer, H. and Prideaux, B. (2015). Tropical Gardens and their Potential as Tourism
Attractions in Northern Australia. In: Paper presented at the developing Northern Australia
Conference Townsville (QLD), 20-22 July 2015, Queensland, Australia.
Pearce, P.L. and Lee, U-I. (2005). Developing the travel career approach to tourist
motivation. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 43, No. 3, 226-237.
Petra News Agency (2020). Irbid Municipality closes its gardens. Available from:
https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=151419&lang=ar&name=news. [Accessed
June 2021].
Phau, I., Lee, S. and Quintly, V. (2013). An investigation of push and pull motivations
of visitors to private parks: The case of Araluen Botanic Park. Journal of Vacation
Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, 269-284.
Harahsheh, S. S. and Haddad, R. K. (2009). The influence of the Media on the formation
of destination image. In: International Conference on Traditions and Transformations:
Tourism, Heritage and Cultural Change in the Middle East and North Africa Region,
-7 April 2009, Centre for Tourism and Cultural Change (CTCC), Amman, Jordan.
Rakow, D. (2011). Public gardens and their significance. In: Rakow, D. and Lee, S.,
eds. Public Garden Management: A complete guide to the planning and administration
of botanical gardens and arboreta. 2nd edition. New Jersey: Wiley, 3-15.
Sima, K-W. and Leeb, J-H. (2013). An examination of visitors’ satisfaction on revisiting intention and recommendations: A case study of the national natural recreation forests
in Korea. Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 126–130.
Sinh, N. (2013). Factors affecting botanic park visitation: A case of Saigon Zoo and
botanical gardens. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of science, 2 (7), 112-122.
Swarbrooke, J. (1995). The development and management of visitor attractions. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
Swarbrooke, J. and Page, S. (2012). Development and management of visitor attractions.
nd ed. Oxon: Routledge.
Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects.
Environment and Behaviour, Vol. 13, 523–556.
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and effective response to natural environment. In:
Altman, I., and Wohlwill, J., eds. Behaviour and the natural environment. New York:
Plenum Press. 85-125.
Ulrich, R, S. Losito, R. Simons, F. Losito, B. D. Fiorito, E. Miles, M. A. and Zelson, M.
(1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments.Journal of
Environmental Psychology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 201-230.
Wassenberg, C. L. Goldenberg, M. A. and Soule, K. E. (2015). Benefits of botanical
gardens visitation: A means-end study. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, Vol. 14,
-155.
Welte, C. (2011). Visitor use and perceptions of the Washington park Arboretum.
Thesis, (MA). University of Washington.
White, E. V. Gatersleben, B. Wyles, K. J. Murrell, G. Golding, S. E. Scarles, C. and Xu,
S. (2021). Gardens and wellbeing during the first UK COVID-19 lockdown (Research
Report No. 1). Available: https://www.surrey.ac.uk/garden-report.pdf. [Accessed 20
July 2021].
Davies, M. (2022). Visits to Tourist Attractions in Wales in 2019 and 2020. Report,
Visit Wales. Cardiff: Strategic Research and Insight].
World Health Organisation, WHO (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.
Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. [Accessed 5 September 2021].
Yale, P. (1997). From tourist attraction to heritage tourism. Huntingdon: ELM Publications.
Zahl-Thanem, A. Burton, R. J. F. and Vik, J. (2021). Should we use email for farm surveys?
A comparative study of email and postal survey response rate and non-response
bias. dJournal of Rural Studies, Vol. 87, 352-360.
Zhang, X. (2012). Grand View Garden: An investigation of tourists’ motivation and
satisfaction. Thesis (MA). University of Waikato.
Full Text: pdf
